Macro and Micro-Minerals Content in Feeds and Fodders and Their Requirements for Dairy Animals in Bikaner District of Rajasthan
B.M. Bhanderi*, M.R. Garg and P.L. Sherasia
Animal Nutrition Group
National Dairy Development Board Anand 388 001 (Gujarat), India
Running title: Mineral Status of Dairy Animals in Bikaner
*Correspondence to: B. M. Bhanderi, Scientist-II (AN): +91-2692-226270, E mail: bhanderi@nddb.coop
A study was carried out to assess macro and micro-minerals status in feeds and fodders and their requirements for dairy animals in arid zone (Bikaner district) of Rajasthan. Feed and fodder samples were collected at random from various locations, following standard sampling procedure. All the samples were analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Mo and Se, using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The average Ca content in straws was higher (0.54%), whereas, concentrate ingredients were low (0.20%) in Ca. The phosphorus content in crop residues and green fodders was 0.09 and 0.27 per cent, respectively, which was low but higher (0.40%) in concentrate ingredients. The sulphur content was adequate in concentrate ingredients (0.24%), whereas, crop residues were deficient in sulphur (0.15%). The sodium was low in most of the feedstuffs, whereas, magnesium and potassium were adequate from the animal’s requirement point of view. The cobalt was occasionally deficient in the diet of animals, however, iron level in most of the feed ingredients was adequate (average level>490 ppm), with traditional feeding system. The manganese was deficient in concentrate ingredients (24.40 ppm), whereas, crop residues and green forages contained higher Mn (55.50 ppm). The average copper content was unduly low in straws (5.26 ppm) and moderate in green fodders (6.53 ppm), whereas; concentrate ingredients were better source of copper (12.86 ppm), except grains. Zinc was acutely deficient in the most of the feedstuffs (average level<23.0 ppm). The present study revealed that the levels of certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulphur, zinc, copper, manganese and cobalt were inadequate, as per the estimates for the requirement of a buffalo yielding 7 kg milk (6% fat) per day.
Keywords: Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, Dairy Animals
INTRODUCTION
Mineral imbalance and deficiency exist widely in dairy animals and the severity of the deficiency depends upon the type of diet, age, physiological status of the animals and the agro-climatic conditions of the region. The minerals though required in small amounts play an important role in production performance and health of animals. At the same time, it is not advisable to supplement excess, so as to avoid wastage and problem of toxicity. Recommending supplemental elements without considering the base levels in feeds and fodders may not be a satisfactory system (Hinders, 1999). In India, livestock does not get mineral supplementation, except for common salt; they depend upon forages for their mineral requirements. Soil concentration of minerals keeps changing due to many factors like crop yield, fertilizer application, rain and natural calamities. As a result, the mineral contents in feed and fodder may be altered, there by affecting the mineral status of animals (Underwood and Suttle, 1999). Only rarely can forages completely satisfy all mineral requirements (Garg et al., 2011). For supplementation of area specific mineral supplements, it will be useful to know the mineral status of feeds and fodders to ascertain the extent of deficiency/excesses (Miles and McDowell, 1983). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to know the mineral status of feeds and fodders and their availability to large ruminants, so as to suggest area specific mineral supplements for improving productive and reproductive efficiency, in a cost effective way.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
At random, one village from each taluka of Bikaner district was selected for taking representative samples of feeds and fodders. Total area of Bikaner district is 27,244 sq.km., distributed into 7 talukas, having 650 villages. The district is having annual rainfall of 50 cm, latitude of 27°21' and longitude of 72°50'. Atmospheric temperature ranges from 5 to 47° C during different seasons. Within the village, help was sought from village milk producers and Bikaner District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union, for identification of 4 to 5 farmers. The recorded parameters were number of livestock, land area, irrigated facilities, fodder and other crops being grown etc. In identification of farmers, land location was considered essentially, one each from Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern directions, to cover soil types on each side of the selected village.
Further information regarding the amount and types of feeds and fodder being offered to the animals, actual rate of daily feed intake and milk yield of individual animal were collected from individual farmer, using standard sampling procedure. Total intake was compared against the requirements on dry matter basis (Campbell et al., 1999; NRC, 2001), so as to identify quantitative deficiency, sufficiency or excess. The data were analyzed statistically as per Snedecor and Cochran (1967).
Composite samples of green fodder, dry fodder, individual concentrate ingredients and compounded cattle feed (concentrate mixture) were collected from all over the surveyed area. Green samples were dried in oven at 80oC for 24 hrs and subsequently ground (1mm). Ground samples of concentrate and fodder were stored in airtight bags until analysis. Samples were prepared and digested using 5 ml concentrated HNO3 plus 1 ml concentrated HCl, by microwave digestion method for preventing evaporation of volatile elements and total volume of mineral extract was made to 25 ml with deionized water. All the samples were analyzed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), sulphur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se), using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, OPTIMA – 3300 RL).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Feeding and management
The survey work revealed that most of the small farmers kept their animals on grazing and supplementation of wheat straw, groundnut straw or sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grasses collected from the wasteland as s basal roughage. This practice was common for other categories of farmers also. However, the medium farmers were supplementing the ration of animals with single unit concentrate ingredient in the form of crushed bajra (Pennisetum spp.) or cottonseed seed cake. Supplementation with home made multiple units concentrate mixture (crushed bajra, cottonseed cake, guar chuni, moth chuni or groundnut cake) was practiced only by large farmers. Those farmers, who don’t feed multiple units concentrate ingredients, were feeding compound cattle feed depending upon the level of milk production. It was noticed that some of the farmers have employed the practice of feeding their animals with cultivated fodder like lucerne (Medicago sativa) or oat (Avena sativa). The green fodder availability was only for limited period due to water scarcity and frequent drought in the area. Those farmers, who don’t have irrigation facility, were feeding local grasses, particularly sewan grasses, ber (Zizyphus spp.) leaves and khejari (Prosopis cineraria) leaves available in the wasteland. These leaves are rich source of calcium, but its bioavailability needs to be studied as the leaves contain high level of tannins. Interestingly, it was observed that some of the farmers supplemented the ration of animals with mineral mixture.
Macro and micro-minerals profile of feeds and fodders
The profile of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn in the feeds and fodder is presented in Tables 1 and 2.
The average calcium content in straws was higher (0.54%) than concentrate feeds, but low (0.08%) in phosphorus. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) straw, being legume, showed exceptionally higher (1.67%) level of calcium. The concentrate ingredients commonly fed to animal contained low (0.23%) calcium, but high (0.43%) in phosphorus level. Lucerne being leguminous family contained higher calcium to the extent of 2.62 per cent (Table 1). The magnesium level as estimated in the samples of crop residues was adequate (Table 1). Amongst the green fodders, lucerne green (0.54%) had the highest Mg content, followed by oat green (0.22%), showing that considerable quantities of Mg were available in these forages, from the livestock requirement point of view. Cottonseed (Gossypium herbaceum) cake was good sources of Mg (Table 1). Recommended concentrations for dietary magnesium are within the range of 0.2-0.4% of total DMI (Underwood and Suttle, 1999; Goff, 2000).
The sodium content was unduly low in all the feeds and fodders, ranging from 0.022 to 0.21 per cent. Only lucerne and oat green contained sodium as high as 0.36 per cent (Table 1). Higher K content of feedstuffs may be due to large-scale application of potash fertilizer and selective uptake of K from the soil, which was much higher than Na (Singh et al., 2002). Potassium content in straws and stovers was higher than the concentrate feed ingredients (Table 1) and seemed to be similar to Mg, which did not require additional supplementation in the ration of animals (Garg et al., 2011). However, excessive levels of K may be the greatest dietary risk factor for milk fever (McNeill et al., 2002).
The sulphur content was low in most of the crop residues (0.16%), the reason being its transfer to seed proteins. The concentrate ingredients fed to livestock in this area contained 0.24 per cent sulphur. However, lucerne and oat green from various locations contained approximately 0.28 per cent sulphur (Table 1). The cobalt levels in this zone ranged from 0.15 to 0.32 ppm in straws, 0.22 to 0.25 ppm in green fodders and 0.17 to 0.27 ppm in grains. Cobalt levels in cottonseed and groundnut cakes revolved around 0.48 ppm (Table 2).
Copper quantity was recorded consistently low in almost all the collected feedstuffs. Straws of bajra, groundnut and wheat contained very low levels of copper (5.26 ppm). Lucerne and oat green contained around 6.53 ppm copper (Table 2). Copper content below the critical level (Cuesta et al., 1993; Shukla et al., 2010) of 8 ppm were found in most of the feeds and fodder (Table 2), hence its supplementation in the ration of animals is very essential.
Distribution of iron was found to be unique in the sense that it exceeded the requirement in all the feedstuffs, being fed to livestock (Table 2). Even straw samples were quite rich in Fe (484 ppm). Lucerne and oat green showed an average of 647 ppm Fe. Grains had around 87 ppm Fe, while cottonseed and groundnut cakes were exceptionally rich, containing 547 ppm iron. Thus, Fe seems to be quite rich in this district, as also reported from other parts of the country (Yadav et al., 2002; Mandal et al., 2004). The Fe concentration in the majority of feed ingredients was very high and could probably interfere with the copper absorption and metabolism (Bremmer et al., 1987; Youssef et al., 1999; Kumar et al., 2012).
Most of the straws offered to animals contained around 45 ppm Mn. However, higher Mn level was found in lucerne (64.80 ppm) and oat green (62.16 ppm). High levels of molybdenum (>2 ppm) in forages could interfere with copper metabolism (Garg et al., 2003a). The molybdenum levels as estimated in the samples of crop residues were within the safe limit (Table 2).
The selenium content of the crop residues varied from 0.02 to 0.86 ppm (Table 2). However, Se level was recorded 0.32 and 0.15 ppm, in green lucerne and oat, respectively. The minimum dietary Se requirement (NRC, 1980) of all classes of ruminant livestock ranges from 0.10 to 0.30 ppm. Accepting the minimum requirements of 0.30 ppm Se, which is the level considered adequate for preventing deficiency in dairy cattle (NRC, 2001), most of the feeds and fodders in the area would satisfy requirement of Se, therefore, its supplementation in mineral mixture is not advocated.
Zinc is one element, which is found to be acutely deficient in many geographical zones of India (Ramana et al., 2001; Udar et al., 2003; Garg et al., 2003b; Shinde and Sankhyan, 2008; Kumar et al., 2012). From this surveillance (Table 2), it was apparent that most of the feed ingredients, particularly straws, were unduly low (10 ppm) in Zn content. Zinc content was found below the critical level (30 ppm) in most of the crop residues and needed to be supplemented @ 80 ppm in the total ration (Arora, 1981) of animals, to overcome its deficiency.
Requirement status of macro and micro-minerals for dairy animals
Survey data revealed that buffalo is the predominant milch animal available with the farmers of Bikaner district, with an average milk yield of 7 kg per day. Thus, for assessing mineral status of milch buffaloes, average daily 7 kg milk yield per animal was considered.
A buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day would need 50.55 g Ca, whereas, feeds and fodders available in the area when fed as per diet formulation given in Table 3, would provide 40.15 g Ca, showing deficiency. When green fodder was not available, deficiency of Ca could be severe. Under such conditions, milk production is likely to be affected and freshly calved animals may suffer from milk fever (McDowell et al., 1993). The estimated value of phosphorus intake from feedstuffs was 25.50 g, against requirement of 33.86 g per day for a milch buffalo yielding 7 kg milk, showing a deficiency of 8.36 g per day (Table 3). Furthermore, bioavailability of P from plant sources is low due to phytic acid-P (McDowell, 1992), leading to problems of pica, infertility and haemoglobinuria in animals. Probably that is the reason that many animals in this area had such problems
The Mg requirement of a milch buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day was 20.0 g (Table 3), whereas, feeds and fodders fed in that area provided 26.75 g of Mg per day. Unlike K, the availability of Na from feed sources was only 9.11 g against the requirement of 18.0 g per day, showing a deficiency of 8.89 g per day, for milch buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day (Table 3).
The availability of S from feed resources was 19.3 g and the requirement was 20.0 g per day, showing a marginal deficiency, for milch buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day. However, sulphur supplementation was necessary in the ration of animals due to high level of selenium in various feedstuffs and bio-availability of S from feed resources is scanty (McDowell, 1992; Garg et al., 2003a; Garg et al., 2009).
A buffalo yielding 7 kg milk daily, would need 5.0 mg cobalt per day, as per the standard requirements, whereas, feeds and fodders available in the area when fed, provide 3.50 mg, showing a deficiency of cobalt (Table 4). For a buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day, the availability of Fe from feed resources was 4617 mg and the requirement was only 500mg per day (Table 4). Adequate Mn availability from feeds and fodder was recorded in other parts of country (Garg et al., 2000; Yadav et al., 2002). However, Mn deficiency was recorded in this zone due to low Mn content in different feedstuffs. The milch buffalo yielding 7 kg milk per day, required 400 mg Mn per day, whereas feed sources provided only 286 mg (Table 4), showing inadequacy of manganese.
For milch buffalo, yielding 7 kg milk per day, the requirement difference for Zn was to the extent of 580 mg per day with a traditional feeding system (Table 4). Mastitis, night blindness, parakeratosis and reproductive failure are the ailments, which may result from its deficiency (McDowell, 1992; Singh and Pachauri, 2001; Garg et al., 2002). The role of Cu and Zn in augmenting production and reproduction is well documented and are known to have a significant correlation with reproductive hormones (progesterone and estradiol), as they are specific activators of enzyme systems that assist in maintaining the activity of hypophyseal hormones in blood (McDowell, 1992). Probably that is the reason that majority of the animals in this area had reproductive problems like anestrous and repeat breeding. Based on the degree of deficiency of different mineral elements in the ration of animals, area specific mineral mixture was worked out for this zone (Table 5). Milk producers of this area were advised to supplement area specific mineral mixture for improving productive and reproduction efficiency of dairy animals.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded from the present studies that milch buffaloes yielding 7 kg milk per day in various talukas of arid zone (Bikaner district) were deficient in calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulphur, cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc when feed resources available in that area fed to the animal. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement these minerals in the diet by providing area specific mineral mixture having better bio-available mineral salts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial assistance and necessary facilities provided by the management of National Dairy Development Board, Anand, for undertaking this study, are gratefully acknowledged.
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Table 1. Macro-mineral content in feeds and fodders in Bikaner district (DM basis)
|
FEED |
Ca (%) |
P (%) |
Mg (%) |
Na (%) |
K (%) |
S (%) |
|
Critical levela |
<0.30 |
<0.25 |
<0.20 |
<0.06 |
<0.80 |
<0.20 |
I. Dry and green roughages |
||||||
|
Bajra straw (5) |
0.72 ± 0.055 |
0.11 ± 0.011 |
0.35 ± 0.025 |
0.025 ± 0.003 |
2.36 ± 0.091 |
0.18 ± 0.009 |
|
Groundnut straw (14) |
1.67 ± 0.064 |
0.096 ± 0.003 |
0.51 ± 0.024 |
0.25 ± 0.053 |
1.29 ± 0.057 |
0.20 ± 0.009 |
|
Wheat straw (14) |
0.36 ± 0.029 |
0.04 ± 0.003 |
0.17 ± 0.013 |
0.11 ± 0.023 |
1.57 ± 0.09 |
0.11 ± 0.008 |
|
Sewan grass (6) |
0.61 ± 0.058 |
0.12 ± 0.012 |
0.35 ± 0.02 |
0.032 ± 0.005 |
1.98 ± 0.35 |
0.30 ± 0.033 |
|
Guar pods (10) |
1.08 ± 0.089 |
0.071 ± 0.004 |
0.54 ± 0.04 |
0.075 ± 0.011 |
2.30 ± 0.11 |
0.14 ± 0.01 |
|
Moth pods (3) |
1.75 ± 0.16 |
0.17 ± 0.043 |
0.56 ± 0.026 |
0.21 ± 0.016 |
1.62 ± 0.027 |
0.15 ± 0.017 |
|
Ber leaves (5) |
2.76 ± 0.17 |
0.14 ± 0.008 |
0.39 ± 0.012 |
0.04 ± 0.004 |
1.00 ± 0.14 |
0.21 ± 0.01 |
|
Khejari leaves (6) |
2.51 ± 0.11 |
0.13 ± 0.006 |
0.32 ± 0.01 |
0.034 ± 0.002 |
0.93 ± 0.034 |
0.52 ± 0.027 |
|
Lucerne green (2) |
2.62 ± 0.43 |
0.34 ± 0.028 |
0.54 ± 0.10 |
0.40 ± 0.032 |
3.60 ± 0.13 |
0.42 ± 0.012 |
|
Oat green (9) |
0.51 ± 0.08 |
0.20 ± 0.031 |
0.22 ± 0.028 |
0.34 ± 0.048 |
2.46 ± 0.29 |
0.16 ± 0.014 |
II. Concentrate feed ingredients |
||||||
|
Bajra grain (9) |
0.035 ± 0.004 |
0.35 ± 0.003 |
0.13 ± 0.002 |
0.022 ± 0.004 |
0.44 ± 0.005 |
0.16 ± 0.009 |
|
Wheat grain (1) |
0.048 |
0.26 |
0.12 |
0.025 |
0.45 |
0.15 |
|
Broken rice (1) |
0.025 |
0.18 |
0.068 |
0.024 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
|
Cottonseed cake (15) |
0.20 ± 0.01 |
0.64 ± 0.021 |
0.45 ± 0.029 |
0.038 ± 0.003 |
1.41 ± 0.066 |
0.35 ± 0.015 |
|
Groundnut cake (2) |
0.34 ± 0.057 |
0.63 ± 0.069 |
0.35 ± 0.032 |
0.11 ± 0.024 |
1.51 ± 0.19 |
0.45 ± 0.08 |
|
Moong chuni (2) |
0.26 ± 0.069 |
0.36 ± 0.008 |
0.25 ± 0.049 |
0.04 ± 0.022 |
1.30 ± 0.049 |
0.20 ± 0.004 |
|
Moth chuni (5) |
0.46 ± 0.057 |
0.37 ± 0.03 |
0.26 ± 0.019 |
0.037 ± 0.007 |
1.29 ± 0.10 |
0.22 ± 0.022 |
|
Guar chuni (8) |
0.28 ± 0.02 |
0.39 ± 0.015 |
0.20 ± 0.005 |
0.022 ± 0.004 |
1.17 ± 0.036 |
0.27 ± 0.012 |
|
Compounded cattle feed (14) |
0.86 ± 0.23 |
1.20 ± 0.32 |
0.72 ± 0.19 |
0.70 ± 0.18 |
1.01 ± 0.26 |
0.43 ± 0.11 |
Figures in parentheses indicate no. of samples analyzed.
aCritical level = concentrations below which are low or considered deficient (McDowell et al., 1993), based on requirements for cattle (NRC, 2001).
Table 2. Trace mineral content in feeds and fodders in Bikaner district (DM basis)
|
FEED |
Co (ppm) |
Cu (ppm) |
Fe (ppm) |
Mn (ppm) |
Mo (ppm) |
Se (ppm) |
Zn (ppm) |
Cu:Mo |
|
Critical levela |
<0.10 |
<8.0 |
<50.0 |
<40.0 |
>6.0 |
<0.20 |
<30.0 |
... |
|
I. Dry and green roughages |
||||||||
|
Bajra straw (5) |
0.19 ± 0.044 |
5.36 ± 0.54 |
391.80 ± 130.9 |
73.26 ± 10.05 |
0.11 ± 0.54 |
0.02 ± 0.096 |
7.48 ± 0.50 |
48.72 |
|
Groundnut straw (14) |
0.15 ± 0.026 |
5.62 ± 0.39 |
438.35 ± 49.19 |
28.15 ± 2.14 |
0.37 ± 0.058 |
0.86 ± 0.39 |
12.84 ± 1.33 |
15.18 |
|
Wheat straw (14) |
0.32 ± 0.05 |
4.80 ± 0.41 |
624.92 ± 89.63 |
36.63 ± 2.41 |
0.32 ± 0.10 |
0.23 ± 0.059 |
9.68 ± 1.52 |
15.00 |
|
Sewan grass (6) |
0.10 ± 0.036 |
6.16 ± 0.74 |
271.66 ± 37.48 |
56.83 ± 3.89 |
0.0 ± 0.0 |
0.43 ± 0.11 |
9.69 ± 0.92 |
... |
|
Guar pods (10) |
0.25 ± 0.03 |
7.08 ± 0.50 |
276.3 ± 31.72 |
23.72 ± 1.44 |
0.20 ± 0.038 |
0.27 ± 0.026 |
10.25 ± 0.85 |
35.40 |
|
Moth pods (3) |
0.30 ± 0.033 |
9.51 ± 0.31 |
1041.3 ± 90.53 |
45.63 ± 4.10 |
0.00 ± 0.0 |
0.35 ± 0.18 |
17.13 ± 1.38 |
... |
|
Ber leaves (5) |
0.41 ± 0.021 |
7.85 ± 0.83 |
1005.8 ± 113.9 |
106.0 ± 7.49 |
0.11 ± 0.072 |
0.056 ± 0.034 |
16.06 ± 1.16 |
71.36 |
|
Khejari leaves (6) |
0.25 ± 0.069 |
7.74 ± 0.78 |
950.6 ± 93.94 |
60.20 ± 2.37 |
0.00 ± 0.0 |
0.24 ± 0.13 |
24.00 ± 1.61 |
... |
|
Lucerne green (2) |
0.25 ± 0.027 |
7.34 ± 0.18 |
788.00 ± 115.4 |
64.80 ± 3.43 |
0.94 ± 0.72 |
0.32 ± 0.016 |
20.95 ± 2.74 |
7.80 |
|
Oat green (9) |
0.22 ± 0.056 |
5.72 ± 0.40 |
507.11 ± 112.7 |
62.16 ± 6.97 |
0.32 ± 0.068 |
0.15 ± 0.023 |
13.81 ± 1.72 |
17.87 |
|
II. Concentrate feed ingredients |
||||||||
|
Bajra grain (9) |
0.27 ± 0.064 |
6.64 ± 0.38 |
83.56 ± 7.55 |
14.73 ± 0.50 |
0.05 ± 0.047 |
0.27 ± 0.085 |
24.92 ± 1.46 |
132.80 |
|
Wheat grain (1) |
0.17 |
7.13 |
90.40 |
37.10 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
21.60 |
237.0 |
|
Broken rice (1) |
0.70 |
11.50 |
198.00 |
11.40 |
0.00 |
0.16 |
20.10 |
... |
|
Cottonseed cake (15) |
0.48 ± 0.043 |
13.86 ± 0.47 |
320.0 ± 52.33 |
18.39 ± 0.62 |
0.085 ± 0.049 |
1.14 ± 0.38 |
47.07 ± 2.04 |
163.0 |
|
Groundnut cake (2) |
0.48 ± 0.015 |
22.75 ± 2.82 |
775.0 ± 68.79 |
37.10 ± 0.24 |
1.14 ± 0.057 |
0.91 ± 0.61 |
67.90 ± 20.2 |
19.94 |
|
Moong chuni (2) |
0.80 ± 0.42 |
15.80 ± 2.45 |
127.00 ± 18.83 |
33.15 ± 13.71 |
1.51 ± 1.14 |
0.39 ± 0.22 |
37.55 ± 12.9 |
10.46 |
|
Moth chuni (5) |
0.68 ± 0.10 |
13.59 ± 1.40 |
664.60 ± 141.8 |
30.74 ± 4.78 |
0.18 ± 0.088 |
0.40 ± 0.17 |
26.32 ± 2.16 |
75.50 |
|
Guar chuni (8) |
0.49 ± 0.08 |
11.66 ± 0.71 |
455.25 ± 80.3 |
15.66 ± 1.02 |
0.34 ± 0.099 |
0.41 ± 0.11 |
30.95 ± 2.06 |
34.29 |
|
Compounded cattle feed (14) |
1.55 ± 0.41 |
24.75 ± 6.61 |
952.0 ± 254.5 |
120.91 ± 32.33 |
0.82 ± 0.22 |
0.67 ± 0.18 |
112.33 ± 30.0 |
30.18 |
Figures in parentheses indicate no. of samples analyzed.
aCritical level = concentrations below which are low or considered deficient or excessive in the case of Mo (McDowell et al., 1993), based on requirements for cattle (NRC, 2001).
Table 3. Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and S requirements for a milch buffalo (400kg) producing 7 kg milk (6% fat) per day
|
Attribute |
Tentative daily DMI (kg) |
Ca (g) |
P (g) |
Mg (g) |
Na (g) |
K (g) |
S (g) |
|
Maintenance |
10.00 |
18.00 |
13.00 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Milk production |
--- |
32.55 |
20.86 |
20.00 |
18.0 |
90.0 |
20.0 |
|
Daily requirement |
10.00 |
50.55 |
33.86 |
20.00 |
18.0 |
90.0 |
20.0 |
| Feedstuffs | |||||||
|
Cottonseed cake |
2.00 |
4.0 |
12.8 |
9.0 |
0.76 |
28.20 |
7.0 |
|
Bajra grain |
1.00 |
0.35 |
3.5 |
1.3 |
0.22 |
4.40 |
1.6 |
|
Moth chuni |
0.50 |
2.30 |
1.85 |
1.3 |
0.18 |
6.45 |
1.1 |
|
Guar chuni |
1.00 |
2.8 |
3.9 |
2.0 |
0.22 |
11.7 |
2.7 |
|
Groundnut straw |
0.50 |
5.4 |
0.35 |
2.7 |
0.37 |
11.5 |
0.7 |
|
Wheat straw |
4.00 |
14.4 |
1.6 |
6.8 |
4.4 |
62.8 |
4.4 |
|
Guar pods |
0.50 |
2.55 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
12.3 |
0.8 |
|
Oat green |
0.50 |
8.35 |
0.48 |
2.55 |
1.25 |
6.45 |
1.0 |
|
Daily availability |
10.00 |
40.15 |
25.50 |
26.75 |
9.11 |
143.8 |
19.3 |
Table 4. Availability and requirement of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn for a milch buffalo (400 kg) producing 7 kg milk (6% fat) per day
| Feedstuffs |
Tentative daily DMI (kg) |
Daily intake (mg) |
||||
Cobalt |
Copper |
Iron |
Manganese |
Zinc |
||
|
Cottonseed cake |
2.00 |
0.96 |
27.72 |
640 |
36.78 |
94.00 |
|
Bajra grain |
1.00 |
0.27 |
6.64 |
83.55 |
14.73 |
24.92 |
|
Moth chuni |
0.50 |
0.19 |
6.79 |
332 |
15.37 |
13.16 |
|
Guar chuni |
1.00 |
0.49 |
11.66 |
455 |
15.66 |
30.95 |
|
Groundnut straw |
0.50 |
0.125 |
3.54 |
138 |
11.86 |
5.12 |
|
Wheat straw |
4.00 |
1.28 |
19.20 |
2496 |
146.52 |
38.72 |
|
Guar pods |
0.50 |
0.11 |
2.86 |
253.5 |
31.08 |
6.90 |
|
Oat green |
0.50 |
0.075 |
2.81 |
219 |
14.07 |
6.42 |
|
Daily availability |
10.00 |
3.50 |
81.22 |
4617 |
286.0 |
220.2 |
|
Daily requirement |
10.00 |
5.00 |
100.00 |
500.0 |
400.0 |
800.0 |
Table 5. Area specific mineral mixture formulation for Bikaner district of Rajasthan
|
Sl. No. |
Particular |
Requirement |
Mineral salts to be used for production of mineral mixture |
|
1. |
Calcium (%), Min. |
22.00 |
Di-calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, limestone powder |
|
2. |
Phosphorus (%), Min. |
14.00 |
Di-calcium phosphate |
|
3. |
Sulphur (%), Min. |
2.00 |
Sodium thio-sulphate, sodium sulphate |
|
4. |
Copper (%), Min. |
0.05 |
Copper sulphate, copper chloride, copper methionine |
|
5. |
Zinc (%), Min. |
0.60 |
Zinc sulphate, zinc chloride, zinc methionine |
|
6. |
Manganese (%), Min. |
0.14 |
Manganese sulphate, manganese methionine |
|
7. |
Cobalt (%), Min. |
0.013 |
Cobalt sulphate, cobalt chloride |
